Hi Guys,

You all might be using a couple of free tools on internet for converting word to PDF file or PDF to word file. A few days ago Zamzar.com become so famous on internet but then most of the users were facing some issues while using the service. The issues were like the were not receiving the converted file on their mail id which is a topic to worry. So guys here  I have some easy steps for you all to quickly convert word to PDF file or PDF to word. 

Converting word to pdf

This is the simplest among all. Microsoft word has now included this functionality as in built. The steps are easy and as described below : 

1.  Click on Save As button when you want to save you document.

2.  Click on browse button. In the save as type select PDF(.pdf) and click on save.

this is the most simplest way to save a word file in pdf format. But this option is available in office 2010 and higher version. for office 2007 and below version there are many plugins as:

1. Microsoft's plug in to save as pdf : Microsoft it self provide a plugin for office 2007 to save your word file as PDF. You can download the plugin from this link 2007 Microsoft Office Add-in: Microsoft Save as PDF or XPS.

2.  CutePDF : CutePDF is a plugin similar to the one released by Microsoft as a explained above. To download the plug click on this link. CutePDF writer free download. After downloading the .exe file, double click and install the product. After installing it will show the following message in a dialog box. 

Don't get irritated, just click on ok and it will just download some supporting bits and then it is ready to work. You will find all the steps for how to use this smart plug in under this link. 

How to use CutePDF

Thanks All.

$ |_| |\| ! |_

What is a Thread? 
A thread is a single sequence stream within in a process. Because threads have some of the properties of processes, they are sometimes called lightweight processes.

What are the differences between process and thread?
A thread has its own program counter (PC), a register set, and a stack space. Threads are not independent of one other like processes as a result threads shares with other threads their code section, data section and OS resources like open files and signals.

Why Multithreading?
Threads are popular way to improve application through parallelism. For example, in a browser, multiple tabs can be different threads. MS word uses multiple threads, one thread to format the text, other thread to process inputs, etc.
Threads operate faster than processes due to following reasons:
1) Thread creation is much faster.
2) Context switching between threads is much faster.
3) Threads can be terminated easily
4) Communication between threads is faster.

See http://www.personal.kent.edu/~rmuhamma/OpSystems/Myos/threads.htm for more details.

Can we write multithreading programs in C?
Unlike Java, multithreading is not supported by the language standard. POSIX Threads (or Pthreads) is a POSIX standard for threads. Implementation of pthread is available with gcc compiler.

A simple C program to demonstrate use of pthread basic functions
Please not that the below program may compile only with C compilers with pthread library.

#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <pthread.h> // A normal C function that is executed as a thread when its name // is specified in pthread_create() void *myThreadFun(void *vargp) {     sleep(1);     printf("Printing GeeksQuiz from Thread \n");     return NULL; }    int main() {     pthread_t tid;     printf("Before Thread\n");     pthread_create(&tid, NULL, myThreadFun, NULL);     pthread_join(tid, NULL);     printf("After Thread\n");     exit(0); }

In main() we declare a variable called thread_id, which is of type pthread_t, which is an integer used to identify the thread in the system. After declaring thread_id, we call pthread_create() function to create a thread.
pthread_create() takes 4 arguments.
The first argument is a pointer to thread_id which is set by this function.
The third argument is name of function to be executed for the thread to be created.
The fourth argument is used to pass arguments to thread.
The pthread_join() function for threads is the equivalent of wait() for processes. A call to pthread_join blocks the calling thread until the thread with identifier equal to the first argument terminates.

How to compile above program?
To compile a multithreaded program using gcc, we need to link it with the pthreads library. Following is the command used to compile the program.

gfg@ubuntu:~/$ gcc multithread.c -lpthread
gfg@ubuntu:~/$ ./a.out
Before Thread
Printing GeeksQuiz from Thread 
After Thread
gfg@ubuntu:~/$ 

A C program to show multiple threads with global and static variables
As mentioned above, all threads share data segment. Global and static variables are stored in data segment. Therefore, they are shared by all threads. The following example program demonstrates the same.

#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <pthread.h> // Let us create a global variable to change it in threads int g = 0; // The function to be executed by all threads void *myThreadFun(void *vargp) {     // Store the value argument passed to this thread     int myid = (int)vargp;     // Let us create a static variable to observe its changes     static int s = 0;     // Change static and global variables     ++s; ++g;     // Print the argument, static and global variables     printf("Thread ID: %d, Static: %d, Global: %d\n", myid, ++s, ++g); } int main() {     int i;     pthread_t tid;     // Let us create three threads     for (i = 0; i < 3; i++)         pthread_create(&tid, NULL, myThreadFun, (void *)i);          pthread_exit(NULL);     return 0; }

gfg@ubuntu:~/$ gcc multithread.c -lpthread
gfg@ubuntu:~/$ ./a.out
Thread ID: 1, Static: 1, Global: 1
Thread ID: 0, Static: 2, Global: 2
Thread ID: 2, Static: 3, Global: 3
gfg@ubuntu:~/$